Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead Essays - Characters In Hamlet

Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead In response to the bloody battles of World War I, the Theatre of the Absurd was born. Soldiers surrounded by death and destruction often found no other relief but to laugh at the absurdity of noble, but increasingly meaningless traditional rhetoric and patriotism. This laughter was a response to not only the absurdity of their situation, but also to the absurd responses of others to their situation. Out of this response grew what we know today as the Theatre of the Absurd. A classic example of a work from the Absurdist Theatre is a piece known as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. In this work, John Stoppard uses allusion to T.S. Eliots poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Shakespeares Hamlet to help the audience understand the play. The connection that is seen initially between The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is the reliance on romantic irony. In Eliots poem romantic irony is expressed in the form of significant assertations and decisions that are made again and again only to be followed by an immediate collapse. Throughout Eliots poem decisive statements such as Prufrocks decision To lead you to an overwhelming question (line 10) are followed by procrastination and thoughts that There will be time, there will be time (line 26). The humor in this technique is also apparent in Stoppards play. This is nicely demonstrated in the opening scenes of the play where Rosencrantz often gathers himself to say something, but before anything can come out, the moment has passed, and Guildenstern has moved on. Just as Prufrock is unable to do anything, Rosencrantz has only managed an unintelligible grunt. Another connection between the play and poem is an allusion to J. Alfred Pruf rock through the character of Alfred in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. In Stoppards play Alfred is the tragedian who plays a girl wearing a frock. Stoppard seems to be mocking the character of J. Alfred Prufrock by suggesting that he is like a girl. The use of such allusions to The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock provides a colorful characterization of Alfred, as well as a comparison for Rosencrantz and Guildensterns inability to do act without guidance. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is more obviously linked to the play, Hamlet. A working knowledge of Hamlet is very helpful to understanding the background to the play, the characters of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and the frequent incorporation of scenes from Hamlet. In Act I, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern seem to deepen their awareness of Hamlets transformation through a question and answer process in which Guildenstern pretends to be Hamlet. By having Guildenstern play the role of Hamlet in order for them to understand Hamlets woes, Stoppard suggests that plays can foster ones understanding. The brilliance of Stoppards piece is the use of the actual tragic play, Hamlet, in place of The Murder of Gonzago . By doing this, a tragedy becomes the vehicle for a sense of tragedy in another play with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern caught in the middle without hope of escape. Hamlet is used to add yet another touch of absurdity to the play by making places where Rosencrantz and Guilde nstern exit from Hamlet , entrances somewhere elsewhich is a kind of integrity (28). From this, Stoppard seems to suggest that there is no end to this absurd universe and that one will be continually subjected to tragedy. The allusions to The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and Hamlet provide a more in depth understanding of Stoppards views and interpretations of the meaning of his play. The play focuses on Rosencrantz and Guildensterns inability to act independently and the fact that it is absurd that no help ever arrives to direct them in the right direction. As an example of a play that is part of the Theatre of the Absurd, the use of these allusions facilitates the purpose of portraying the world as a place free of logic and memory where the protagonists must wait for some form of direction that will never arrive. English Essays

Free Essays on Similarities And Relationships Of Love And Hate

â€Å"love† and â€Å"hate,† some think of them being opposites and others think they are related. I feel that the two are both of those and plus the added feature that when one is involved the other is as well. In the drama â€Å"Othello† written by William Shakespeare, each character shows a form of hate and love. For example, Iago is a person one would think of as the definition of evil but he does love as well as hate; he loves to hate. There is no other explanation for his need to be so evil. One can even see that he hates the woman he loves. He shows this by talking of trying to sleep with Desdemona to get back at Othello for something of his own imagination. If he didn’t hate his wife then why would he talk of cheating on her just to get back at Othello for something Iago has no proof of? Iago plays with the power of my theory of â€Å"where there is love, there is hate and where there is hate, there is love,† by turning Othello against Desdemona. Iago messes with the fact that Othello loves Desdemona and turns it into a hatred. He hates because he loved. If Othello hadn’t loved there would have been no hatred. Iago realizes that hate is strengthened by love and uses that as a weapon. He loved to see people hate. Roderigo is the venetian gentleman that loved one so much that he hated the one that she loved. The love and hate is not directly related in this example but shows how one persons love can cause another persons hatred. Brabantio is the father that had the love of her daughter split in two. He only received half her love after Othello came into the picture and stole the other half. He became outraged with the fact that Othello had done this to him so he grew some hatred for the â€Å"moor.† One that would love without knowing whether he loves or not, like Othello, causes there significant other to hate falling in love. The reason for this is that they themselves... Free Essays on Similarities And Relationships Of Love And Hate Free Essays on Similarities And Relationships Of Love And Hate When one thinks of the meanings of the words â€Å"love† and â€Å"hate,† some think of them being opposites and others think they are related. I feel that the two are both of those and plus the added feature that when one is involved the other is as well. In the drama â€Å"Othello† written by William Shakespeare, each character shows a form of hate and love. For example, Iago is a person one would think of as the definition of evil but he does love as well as hate; he loves to hate. There is no other explanation for his need to be so evil. One can even see that he hates the woman he loves. He shows this by talking of trying to sleep with Desdemona to get back at Othello for something of his own imagination. If he didn’t hate his wife then why would he talk of cheating on her just to get back at Othello for something Iago has no proof of? Iago plays with the power of my theory of â€Å"where there is love, there is hate and where there is hate, there is love,† by turning Othello against Desdemona. Iago messes with the fact that Othello loves Desdemona and turns it into a hatred. He hates because he loved. If Othello hadn’t loved there would have been no hatred. Iago realizes that hate is strengthened by love and uses that as a weapon. He loved to see people hate. Roderigo is the venetian gentleman that loved one so much that he hated the one that she loved. The love and hate is not directly related in this example but shows how one persons love can cause another persons hatred. Brabantio is the father that had the love of her daughter split in two. He only received half her love after Othello came into the picture and stole the other half. He became outraged with the fact that Othello had done this to him so he grew some hatred for the â€Å"moor.† One that would love without knowing whether he loves or not, like Othello, causes there significant other to hate falling in love. The reason for this is that they themselves...

Women in Shamanism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in Shamanism - Research Paper Example When giving a reflection on the mainstream history, it is important to understand that the references on women, and the power they possess emanates greatly from the periods of the Goddesses. On the other hand, Znamenski (351) denotes that there is very little written on the role of women in advocating for religious doctrines, as well as issues in politics, rites of passage, economic affairs, world leadership etc. Scholar further denotes that women who have been written about, such as Jeanne d’Arc and Mary Magdalene have had a false representation, through the views of the masculine, or either victimized for their courage and bravery in speaking up (Holyoak, 413). It is important to understand that the society placed certain requirements for women. They had to be wives, mothers, as well as perform other feminine duties in their homes. Women who took up the roles of shamanism were unable to fulfill these roles that the society expected of them. Over the years, female shamans have suffered great discrimination and bad treatment from their communities. For example in the Korean communities, female Shamans did not have any respect from the people, and they used to live in a very poor life. Scholar denotes that these shamans have always been viewed as witches, and this is because of the manner of their dressings and behavior (Znamenski, 351). These people normally dress in very ugly dresses, wearing scary masks, and behaving under trance, as if speaking to spiritual objects. Some communities believe that Shamans have the capability of travelling to the unseen world, and communicating with spirits (Znamenski, 352). Some communities associate these aspects with black magic, and demonic forces. Based on this ground, Scholar believes that female Shamans only masquerade as medicine people, but in real sense they are witches, having learnt their trade from demonic forces. It is important to denote that the culture of contemporary

Drama- Glengarry Glen Ross a play by David Mamet Essay

Drama- Glengarry Glen Ross a play by David Mamet - Essay Example The drama contains many idioms that also emphasize the moral teachings that the author talks about in the book. In the drama, the characters use pauses and stammers that make the language vibrant (Mamet 73). The personality of the characters in the drama often changes and it both repulses and amuses the audience. The characters in the drama also have a comic effect because of their exaggerated personalities. I believe that the drama is a piece that reminds people on the need of not losing their humanity and morality. This is especially those caused by the current hardship of the economic world. The drama clearly depicts the life of people struggling to become financially stable. The script of the author uses some styles that make it extremely difficult to execute in a play. These styles are like the use of idioms and stammers (Mamet 73). However, the actors that play the roles should be able to execute the script with all the idioms and the musical language

International Finance and Financial Management Essay

International Finance and Financial Management - Essay Example The bottom-up approach is the opposite of top-down approach, dealing first with companies and then the industry groups and finally the economy. Fundamental analysis has its strengths in forecasting long-term trends, determining the company's fair value in terms of asset valuation, strong balance sheet, earnings stability, and staying power1. There are certain risks that investors have to put up with when investing in stocks. A company may face one or more of the several sources of fundamental risk, namely, business risk, financial risk, liquidity risk, exchange rate risk, country risk, interest rate risk, and credit risk2. Domiciled in Seattle, US, Microsoft has its offices in 100 countries. As per the information excerpted from its annual report for the year 2006, Microsoft reported a net income of $12.5 billion. Such profitability, however, does not get achieved without taking risks. Investors need to be aware of what risks Microsoft tackles with in order to satisfy its stakeholders. Microsoft, in its operations, encounters business risk which is the risk of uncertainty over cash flows caused due to a number of reasons. Microsoft faces intense competition across all markets for its products and services. 1Jones, C.P. (1996). Investments: Analysis and Management. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 2Clark, E., Levasseur, M., & Rousseau, P.(1993). International Finance. Chapman & Hall, New York. Its competitors range from Fortune 100 companies to small, specialized single-product businesses. With low barriers to entry, this business segment is facing a fierce competition worldwide. These competitive pressures have the capability to threaten Microsoft's sales volumes and operating costs resulting in lower revenue. Microsoft faces a challenge in combating unlicensed use of its software and intellectual property rights3. It spends a fortune every year to educate the public regarding abuse of its software. However, continued educational efforts may not succeed in implementing Microsoft's desired security objectives and any reductions in the legal protection of its intellectual property rights can adversely affect revenue. Due to its geographic dispersion, Microsoft is subject to tax risk. Tax risk affects investors because it affects net earnings4. Being accountable for tax in the US as well as numerous foreign jurisdictions, there is uncertainty over Microsoft's tax liabilities . Therefore, tax provisions may not be accurate which can significantly impair its earnings. Other examples of business risk that may affect Microsoft's revenue are delays in product development, lawsuits and claims, changes in accounting standards, and maintaining uniformity in pricing structures due to global presence. Another challenge for Microsoft is to tackle with market risk that comprises of foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk. It is quite obvious that having operations worldwide Microsoft is deemed to face risk of foreign currency losing value relative to its domicile currency. However, as mentioned in its annual report, Microsoft manages this risk by hedging its foreign

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime Effect of Short Message System reminder on adherence with recommended regimen among Ischemic Heart Disease patients. Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is the narrowing of coronary artery by a plaque which composed of fat material, according to World Health Organization (WHO) ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the first leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for 13.3% of death cases (World Health Organization, 2011). 75% of death and 82% of disability adjusted life years (DALY) in low and middle-income countries occur due to IHD (Gaziano, Bitton, Anand, Abrahams-Gessel, Murphy, 2010), in Jordan IHD account for 18% of death cases, being the first leading cause of death (CDC, 2013). However survival rate of IHD increase recently (Piepoli et al., 2010). Patients discharge to their homes within five days (Saczynski et al., 2010), and the progress of healing after discharge demands an effective care planning, particularly, those who are newly diagnosed with IHD. After discharge patients encounter a challenge time (Eshah Bond, 2009), and life style changes include, adherence with eating heart-healthy diet, adherence with regular physical activity, and adherence with medication have ascertained by American Herat Association and considered from moderate and strong evidence (Eckel et al., 2013). adherence with these recommendations are associated with decrease readmission and mortality rate (Heran et al., 2011) , however few people adhere with recommended guidelines (Martin, Williams, Haskard, DiMatteo, 2005). Non adherence, one of the most important obstacle for successful treatment, is a widespread health problem that threat the health and cause a valuable economical burden as well (Martin et al., 2005). Non adherence to healthy lifestyle including eating unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and non compliance with medication are known to increase the development and progression of IHD (Danaei et al., 2009). On the other direction adherence with healthy lifestyle would decrease the burden of IHD (Chiuve, McCullough, Sacks, Rimm, 2006). Medication adherence refers to whether patients take their medications as prescribed, as well as whether they continue to take a prescribed medication (Ho, Bryson, Rumsfeld, 2009). Medication non adherence is a major public health problem (Desai Choudhry, 2013). The immediate time after discharge is a high risk period for non adherence (Baroletti DellOrfano, 2010), in which 24% of patients dont adhere to their prescribed medication (Jackevicius, Li, Tu, 2008). After six weeks of discharge one forth of patients didnt adhere to prescribed medications (Mathews et al., 2012) and 80% on the long term (DiMatteo, 2004). Non adherence to medication lead to progression of the disease, increase readmission, increase mortality rate, and increase health care cost Smoking is so widespread (WHO,2007), and one of the ten strongest risk factor of IHD (Goff et al., 2013), although non adherence with healthy diet, medication, inactivity all are attributing risk factors for development and progression of IHD, smoking has a significant effect of all risk factor (CDC). Smokers have double to four times to develop IHD than non-smokers (CDC). However quit smoking is the single most effective measure to prevent IHD (Goff et al., 2013). A strong evidence exist about the casual relationship between diet and IHD (Mente, de Koning, Shannon, Anand, 2009). Eating unhealthy diet lead to increase blood cholesterol level, developing of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eventually metabolic syndrome which all are modifiable risk factors for IHD (Goff et al., 2013). However eating vegetables, nuts and mono-saturated fatty acid are among protective habits for prevention of IHD progression (Mente et al., 2009). Non adherence to physical activity in different culture and societies are common (Rodrigues, Joà £o, Gallani, Cornà ©lio, Alexandre, 2013). The proportion of adults who meet the recommended guidelines of American Heart Association (AHA) for regular physical activity has reduced over time (Roger et al., 2012). A recent meta analysis has been shown that an inverse relationship exist between physical activity and increasing risk of IHD; those patients who didnt do physical activity are 10-20 more risky than who do moderate physical activity and 20-30 more risky than who do high physical activity (Li Siegrist, 2012). To decrease the effect of IHD and prevent its progression secondary prevention programs done and rehabilitation centers are found, However few people attend these programs regularly (Bjarnason-Wehrens et al., 2010). Many obstacles hinder the attendance of these programs include logistic barriers like transportation difficulties, financial cost, and embarrassment of attendance (Neubeck et al., 2012). So more feasible, economical, and provide privacy for patient method is required as alternative. Tele-health, which define as the use of different type of modern information and technology to contribute t clinical support and to improve health (WHO,2009), is more economical, feasible, and provide the patients privacy. The use of mobile is growing faster and faster, and many patients have mobiles (Deng, 2013). Many studies done using technology to improve adherence among patients, especially Short Message System (SMS) in high technologic counties (Dale et al., 2014; Khonsari et al., 2014). To my knowledge this is the first study done to assess the effect of use of telehealth in a less technology-dependent countries. So the purpose of the study is: examine the effect of short message system (SMS) on medication, healthy diet, smoking cessation and physical activity adherence among IHD patients. Research hypotheses: patients who will receive reminder message will be more adherent to medication, healthy diet , smoking cessation and physical activity than those who will not. References Baroletti, S., DellOrfano, H. (2010). Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 121(12), 1455-1458. Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., McGee, H., Zwisler, A.-D., Piepoli, M. F., Benzer, W., Schmid, J.-P., . . . Niebauer, J. (2010). Cardiac rehabilitation in Europe: results from the European cardiac rehabilitation Inventory survey. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(4), 410-418. Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B. (2006). Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation, 114(2), 160-167. Dale, L. P., Whittaker, R., Jiang, Y., Stewart, R., Rolleston, A., Maddison, R. (2014). Improving coronary heart disease self-management using mobile technologies (Text4Heart): a randomised controlled trial protocol. Trials, 15(1), 71. Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J., Ezzati, M. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS medicine, 6(4), e1000058. Deng, Z. (2013). Understanding public users adoption of mobile health service. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 11(4), 351-373. Desai, N. R., Choudhry, N. K. (2013). Impediments to adherence to post myocardial infarction medications. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Review]. Curr Cardiol Rep, 15(1), 322. doi: 10.1007/s11886-012-0322-6 DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Variations in patients adherence to medical recommendations: a quantitative review of 50 years of research. Medical care, 42(3), 200-209. Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, V. S., Nonas, C. A., . . . Smith, S. C. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular RiskA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Eshah, N., Bond, A. (2009). Acute myocardial infarction survivors experiences: a qualitative literature review. J Med J 43(3), 238-264. Gaziano, T. A., Bitton, A., Anand, S., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Murphy, A. (2010). Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Current problems in cardiology, 35(2), 72-115. Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., . . . Wilson, P. W. F. (2013). 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 Heran, B. S., Chen, J., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., . . . Taylor, R. S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7(7). Ho, P. M., Bryson, C. L., Rumsfeld, J. S. (2009). Medication adherence its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation, 119(23), 3028-3035. Jackevicius, C. A., Li, P., Tu, J. V. (2008). Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of primary nonadherence after acute myocardial infarction. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt]. Circulation, 117(8), 1028-1036. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706820 Khonsari, S., Subramanian, P., Chinna, K., Latif, L. A., Ling, L. W., Gholami, O. (2014). Effect of a reminder system using an automated short message service on medication adherence following acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. doi: 10.1177/1474515114521910 Li, J., Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(2), 391-407. Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., DiMatteo, M. R. (2005). The challenge of patient adherence. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 1(3), 189. Mathews, R., Peterson, E., Honeycutt, E., Chin, C. T., Ryan, K., Effron, M., . . . Wang, T. (2012). Medication nonadherence among patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Translate-ACS study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(13s1), E1814-E1814. Mente, A., de Koning, L., Shannon, H. S., Anand, S. S. (2009). A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Archives of internal medicine, 169(7), 659-669. Neubeck, L., Freedman, S. B., Clark, A. M., Briffa, T., Bauman, A., Redfern, J. (2012). Participating in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(3), 494-503. Piepoli, M. F., Corra, U., Benzer, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dendale, P., Gaita, D., . . . Zwisler, A.-D. O. (2010). Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(1), 1-17. Rodrigues, R. C. M., Joà £o, T. M. S., Gallani, M. C. B. J., Cornà ©lio, M. E., Alexandre, N. M. C. (2013). The Moving Heart Program: an intervention to improve physical activity among patients with coronary heart disease. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 21(SPE), 180-189. Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., . . . Fox, C. S. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update a report from the American heart association. Circulation, 125(1), e2-e220. Saczynski, J. S., Lessard, D., Spencer, F. A., Gurwitz, J. H., Gore, J. M., Yarzebski, J., Goldberg, R. J. (2010). Declining length of stay for patients hospitalized with AMI: impact on mortality and readmissions. The American journal of medicine, 123(11), 1007-1015. World Health Organization. (2011). The top 10 causes of death. Fact sheet Number 310: Geneva: WHO. 1

Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilyich Essays -- Leo Tolstoy Death Iva

Leo Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich I related readily with Ivan Ilyich, the main character in Leo Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich. There was a time when I myself lived my life without regard to the spirituality of life. I, however, was very lucky in that it did not take death looming over my head to realize this. Maybe the fact that my bout of depression’s onset happened sooner in life allowed me to see it sooner. Eric Simpson put it best as â€Å"We all die, like Ilyich, and if we only live to live, to create and carve our own meaning into the universe, then life itself becomes ultimately meaningless and painfully insignificant.† The key point here is the â€Å"painfully insignificant†(Simpson). Depression snuck up on me like old age will, forty times quicker. Ilyich manages to cover his depression by compartmentalizing his feelings from his thoughts and by becoming a workaholic. Doing this, he had a means of either dismissing his depression or drowning it in work. Ivan Ilyich did not notice his depression and lack of spirituality until three days prior to his death. It is not until Ilyich asks himself, â€Å"What if my whole life has really been wrong?†(Tolstoy 1203), and comes up with an affirmitave answer that Ilyich tries to find a way to rectify his situation. His solution is painfully simple, spare his family the heartache of his dying and to just get it over with. My solution was quite different. I came up with two simple rules. The number one rule of feeling better is to help strangers whenever possible. For example, last Wednesday, my car broke down on Route 7. I did not have a cell-phone and there wasn’t a payphone in sight. Since I had a paper due, I started hitchhiking to class. After about five minut... ...d Western doctrines. He also points out Ilyich’s total lack of spirituality and the feeling of a wasted life. Simpson points out these differences and includes Biblical quotes to back it up with great insight, getting to a level of depth that could confuse some readers but has shown this reader something I would never have thought of on my own. Novel Analysis: Death of Ivan Illich. 12 April 2001 This author explains how Ilyich’s life is a ‘front’ for the sake of propriety. Also, the author points out that Ilyich is not aware of this until just days before he dies. A very short interpretation, but one that completely backs me up. Note: All quotes from Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich are from the following edition: Literature: Reading and Writing the Human Experience. Seventh ed. Ed. Richard Abcarian and Marvin Klotz. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.